Background: Present study aimed to compare and scientifically understanding the importance of visual and auditory reaction time in basketball players. Reaction is purposeful voluntary response to different stimuli as auditory or visual stimuli. In simple reaction time stimulus and response are one, while in choice reaction time stimulus and response are multiple. Materials and Methods: The visual and auditory reaction time was measured by the multiple choice apparatus in subjects. Simple reaction time and choice reaction time measured. Reaction time was measured in two sessions. In first session visual reaction time was measured and in second session auditory reaction time was measured. The results were statistically analyzed and were recorded as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and Student's paired t-test was applied to check the level of significance. Result and Conclusion: In the present study we found that auditory reaction time was less as compared to visual reaction time for both simple and choice visual reaction time tasks in basketball players. Since the auditory stimulus reaches the cortex faster than the visual stimulus; the auditory reaction time is faster than the visual reaction time. Reaction time is good indicator of quickness in sports. Faster reaction times are significant for better performance of athletes. Reaction time decreases by practice. Skills can be improved by practice. Sports person can practice regularly to improve their reaction time and ultimately their performance.

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Retrolisthesis is the posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the adjacent vertebrae, to a degree less than a dislocation. It is associated with increased by a degree, and thus impaired function of the spine. It is correlated with a reduction in lumbar lordosis, end plate inclination and segmental height. Retrolisthesis hyper loads at least one disc and puts shearing forces of the anterior longitudinal ligament, the annular rings, nucleus pulposus and cartilage end plate ligament. There is a paucity of literature on the effective treatment of retrolisthesis. This article presents an overview of the etiology and symptoms of retrolisthesis and highlights the conservative management for the same. This will assist the health care practitioners who are treating this condition.

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Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting female adolescent and adulthood globally. The most annoying complications of PCOS are obesity and infertility. Exercise is proved to be a best therapeutic and supportive management in PCOS patients in reducing infertility. Exercise reduces the risk and restores fertility and quality of life in PCOS patients through inducing hormonal changes of testosterone, androstenedione, combating obesity, metabolic syndrome, reducing inflammatory markers, and increasing immunity. Earlier systematic reviews and metaanalyses have proved the effectiveness of exercise in PCOS. This current systematic review will add to the current evidence of cumulative effects on exercise and shall be an update to the current proof of physical activity in PCOS patients.

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Purpose: Ganglion cysts of the knee associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are a very rare entity and commonly a missed clinical diagnosis. High clinical suspicion and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan aids in the diagnosis. Materials and Methods: We present three cases (2 men and a woman) of ganglion cysts associated with ACL. All of them had knee pain for more than a year without any prior injury. Clinical examination revealed joint line tenderness and significant restriction in range of movements. MRI showed ganglion cyst closely associated with ACL. Arthroscopic examination and cyst excision was done. In one patient after the cyst was debrided, only a few fibers of ACL were attached to the femoral site. Intra-operatively, the Lachman's test was positive and an ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon was performed. Results: Post operatively, all the patients were relieved of pain and regained full range of movements with a minimum follow up of one year. Conclusion: Although a rare condition, ganglion cyst has to be considered as a differential diagnosis in young patients without injury presenting with significant knee pain and restricted movements. Arthroscopy is an effective tool in the management of such condition.

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Objective: Sedentary lifestyle has emanated as a new attention for research on exercise and health. The objective of this study was to find the correlation between prolonged sitting (minimum 6–8 h) and tightness of hamstrings in students. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 200 students were taken. Probability sampling was used on random basis to assess the flexibility of hamstring muscles using the straight leg raising (SLR) and active knee extension test. A manual goniometer was used for range measurement. All information was taken on predesigned pro forma. Result: The mean age of 200 students was 20.3 ± 1.63 years. The mean value of SLR was found to be 60.97 ± 10.21, and mean value of popliteal angle was 47.65 ± 8.06. Most of the students, 164 (82%), had tightness according to SLR test. There was a statistically significant difference between the popliteal angle and chair sitting hours (P = 0.010), and an inverse correlation was found between SLR angle and chair sitting hours (r = −0.56, P = 0.000). Conclusion: Tightness of hamstrings is observed in a majority of the students. Long-duration sitting can be a contributory factor in hamstring tightness.

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Background: While the benefits of sport such as gain of fitness, reducing risk of diseases, or recreation are well-known among policy makers, relatively very little attention is paid to its unwanted side-effect, the injuries. Sports injuries are a burden to both individuals and the society. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the prevalence and pattern of sport injuries among college students in Delhi, India. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional and pretested, self-administered questionnaire was used. The study was primarily directed towards the members of sports teams (both intra- and intercollege teams) and athletes in selected college in Delhi and complete enumeration of the study subjects was performed. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: The prevalence of sport injury was 73.4%. Males suffered more injuries than females. There was a significant statistical difference with age (P = 0.008), students of 20 years and above suffering more injuries than their younger participants. The prevalence of sport injuries was more among those who do not have coaches (P = 0.001, odds ratio (OR) 3.49) and also those who did not receive any formal training (P = 0.000, OR 2.26). Only 68.8% took some form of treatment and very few (26.1%) practiced injury preventive measures. Conclusion: A diligent search for factors contributing to sports injuries is essential for injury management. Attention to preventive measures and appropriate supervision will allow youngsters to continue to enjoy sports in a safer way.

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Cryotherapy is widely applied and accepted as a beneficial treatment for soft-tissue injury and postoperative management. It is the one of the most effective interventions for pain management and swelling in acute sports injuries. However, the most efficient Cryotherapeutic agent remains unknown. This paper analyzes different methods of application of cryotherapy in sports injury rehabilitation based on recent scientific evidences. This information will assist health-care practitioners who are involved in sports injury and postoperative management.

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Groin pain in athletes is a common problem in sports medicine, accounting for 10% of all visits to sports medicine centers. Furthermore, groin injuries have been estimated to account for up to 6% of all athletic injuries, with the prevalence in sports such as football as high as 12-16%. However, despite the prevalence of this condition, its diagnosis and treatment remain a challenging problem for the sports medicine physician, and the injury is a frustrating one for the athlete. Chronic groin pain in particular can be difficult to diagnose, treat, and rehabilitate, and is responsible for a large proportion of time lost from sport and work for the athlete. A complicating component in the treatment of this condition is an extensive differential diagnosis and overlap in symptoms between possible diagnoses. Typically, groin pain develops in male and female athletes who participate in sports involving kicking, rapid accelerations and decelerations, and sudden changes of direction. The aim of this article is to briefly review the most common musculoskeletal conditions that cause groin pain in athletes and to discuss their diagnosis and management.

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Aims: To determine the efficacy of Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) technique and muscle energy technique (MET) in limiting pain and disability among subjects with adhesive capsulitis of shoulder. Settings and Study Design: A single centre experimental design study was done. A total 132 male subjects were screened. After fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria, with convenient sampling 60 subjects were selected for the study. Mean age of Groups A and B subjects were 46 and 50 years respectively. Double blinded baseline and post interventional (after 2 weeks) assessment was performed. Intervention includes Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique for group A and Muscle energy technique for group B. Outcome measures were recorded using University of Pennsylvania shoulder score (1st subset) and shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation and internal rotation range of motion using an universal goniometer. Results: Inter group comparison were analyzed using Independent t test and one way analysis of variance was used to analyze pre intervention, and post interventional results after 1 and 2 weeks respectively. The level of significance will be set at P < 0.05. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique achieved significance in improving ROM and showed satisfactory results in university of Pennsylvania shoulder score when compared with muscle energy technique. Conclusion: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique was effective in relieving pain, restoring ROM and restoring function among subjects with adhesive capsulitis.

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Stress fractures are common injuries in both professional and recreational runners. This type of injury occurs more frequently in the lower extremities and can be caused by a number of both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. A wide variety of stress fracture locations have been reported in the literature, but the tibia is most frequently involved followed by the metatarsals, the fibula, the tarsal navicular, and the femur bone. Marathon training and average weekly running distances over 64 km have been consistently demonstrated as factors in the development of a stress fracture. Recent changes in the training regimen, prior injury, and running or training on hard terrain, such as trail running, are among additional considerations when evaluating runners with stress fractures.

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Background: Various studies determined the normal cervical spine range of motion (ROM) of a large group of patients with diverse socioeconomic and ethnic background and varying degree of routine daily activities. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify normal cervical ROM in male asymptomatic subjects of Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Two hundred and thirty-three asymptomatic subjects with age group of 10-80 years participated in the study. Digital goniometer was used to measure the ROM of the cervical spine. This tool was employed in a clinical setting to evaluate the full active ROM (AROM) of the cervical spine (i.e., flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation). All the subjects were divided into seven groups in terms of age (10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-80 years) and the cervical ROM was determined. Six cervical movements (i.e., flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation) of five groups were analyzed and each of the six cervical AROMs decreased significantly with age. Results: All the cervical ranges decreased as the age increased. The maximum cervical range was recorded in cervical rotation left (71.81 ± 8.75°), followed by rotation right (70.58 ± 5.83°), extension (68.42 ± 10.30°), flexion (66.96 ± 8.62°), left side bending (54.62 ± 7.13°), and right side bending (52.69 ± 7.32°). Conclusion: Normal database of normal cervical ROM from age group of 10-80 years was established in male asymptomatic population of Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.

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Weightlifting is considered as a dynamic strengthen exercise and power sport in which the athletes lifts a maximum weight with one repetition. The weightlifting as other sports has common musculoskeletal injuries in different body location corresponding to the sports beneficial. However, identifying the injuries incidence and the etiology is a first two-step in the model of the injury prevention in order to introduce preventive measures for sports. Therefore, this literature review is aimed to focus on the incidence and the etiology related to injuries of the weightlifting. However, the incidence injuries studies revealed that the children have more injuries related to accident than the adults. Whereas, the adults have more injuries related to strain and sprain. The most common injured locations are shoulder, lumbar spine, knee, elbow, hand, and wrist in the weightlifters. The percentage of the injuries according to location is the shoulder (36%), lumbar spine (24%), elbow (11%), and the knee (9%). In the other hand, the rule and regulation in the weightlifting had been changed since 1972 in which the clean and press lift eliminated from the competition due to the risk of this lift. Finally, weightlifting considered as safe sport if it is compared with other sports.

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Introduction: Football (soccer) is certainly one of the most popular sports worldwide. Football is a dynamic sport that requires the athlete to perform many different movements and skills such as rapid acceleration and deceleration, quick changes of directions, jumping, kicking, and sliding. Compared with other sports, football is vigorous sporting activity with relatively high incidence of injury. Tightness in hamstring muscle leads to hamstring muscle injury. Prevalence of hamstring injury is common in football players due to its tightness. Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of muscle energy technique (MET) on the flexibility of hamstring muscle in national level football players. The players were given 6 days MET on hamstring muscle to improve its flexibility. Hamstring length was checked using the sit and reach test presession as well as postsession, and both values were compared. Result: The increase in hamstring length following the 6 days MET on hamstring proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.01) when compared with the presession (24.31) and postsession (26.77) values. Conclusion: It is concluded that MET increases the flexibility of hamstring muscle in Indian National Football Players and hence it can prevent the injuries and improves their performance.

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Field hockey is considered as a popular sport worldwide next to soccer in popularity. According to National Collegiate Athlete Association overall injury rate is 6.3%/1000 athlete exposure. Mechanism of injury could be extrinsic injury that is, being struck by hockey stick or ball or intrinsic injury due to internal force acting on muscle or an overuse injury which includes tibial stress syndrome, shin soreness, illiotibial band pain, low back dysfunction, tendonitis, patello-femoral pain, planter fasciitis, and stress fracture of foot and leg. Initial approach to injured athlete includes airways, breathing, circulation, rest, ice, compression, elevation, referral protocol, normalize joint range of motion (ROM), restore strengthening, Improve proprioception, agility and balance, minimize chance of re injury by maintaining flexibility. Strengthening and therapeutic exercises that will vary accordingly to the injured part. Countermeasures include preparticipation screening, preseason conditioning, fitness program, adequate warm and pregame stretch, followed by cool down and postgame stretch, following rules and penalty and finally by wearing protective equipment. This article discusses the biomechanics and common injuries in field hockey. Patho-mechanics, diagnosis, and physiotherapy management of the common injures are outlined. This may help the health care practitioners who deals with different injuries related to hockey.

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The purpose of this systematic review was to collect and synthesize evidence from the studies of physical activity (PA)-based interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Systematic search procedures identified 11 studies meeting predetermined inclusion criteria. These studies were evaluated in terms of the following: (a) participant characteristics, (b) type of exercise, and (c) outcomes. Across the corpus of studies, the preliminary search identified 47 studies and exercise was implemented with 115 male (76%) and 36 female (23%) with ASD, aged 4-19 years. A variety of exercise activities were employed (e.g., skating, jogging, horse and bike riding). Following the exercise interventions, decreases in stereotypy, aggression, off-task behavior, improved objective sleep on nights. There is a clear need for further systematic research to develop the way in which exercise prescription provided and increase the sample size those participate in PA. In conclusion, PA reduces stereotypy or self-stimulatory behavior and increases participation in more PAs.

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Microscopic hematuria in athletes is a frequent laboratory sign result from vigorous exercise after a period of rest, either in individual sports as running and swimming or in clash sports such as boxing and football. This could be due to renal trauma and/or bladder injury or vasoconstriction of the splanchnic and renal vessels also due to constriction of the efferent glomerular arteriole lead to release of red blood corpuscles and plasma proteins in urine. Such hematuria is a benign self-limited condition 48-72 h. However, other urinary tract problems should be excluded. It is estimated that microscopic hematuria was 18% in athletes immediately after and 3 days post race. This article presents an overview of the current knowledge of microscopic hematuria in athletes focusing on etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. This information should assist healthcare practitioners who treat patients with this disorder.

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To review recent literature regarding evidences for best possible exercises and methods that are proposed for preferential vastus medialis oblique (VMO) activation and effectiveness of preferential VMO activation in patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) patients. The review of recent literature supports preferential VMO activation as one of the efficient management protocols in PFPS patients. Although there is quite heterogeneity in the available research, a majority of research suggests close kinetic chain (CKC) exercises to be more beneficial also the CKC squatting exercise with full maximum voluntary isometric contraction hip adduction has been an exercise quite supported by the recent researches for preferential VMO activation. It can be augmented via other methods like taping, biofeedback, motor imagery, unstable surface to enhance the VMO activation. In accordance with the review of recent literature, preferential VMO activation also has been very well correlated with a reduction in pain, enhancement in function in PFPS patients.

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Patients with conditions like tennis elbow are frequently referred to physiotherapy. Patients with this condition suffer from pain and tenderness over lateral epicondyle, which hampers their activities of daily living. Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) is the most frequent type of myotendinosis and can be responsible for substantial pain and loss of function of the affected limb. Muscular biomechanics characteristics and equipment are important in preventing the conditions. This article presents on overview of the current knowledge on lateral epicondylitis and focuses on, conservative treatment and recent surgical techniques are outlined. This information should assist health care practitioners to manage symptoms, improve activity and reduce relapse who treat patients with this disorder.

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Ankle sprain injuries are the most common injury sustained during sporting activities. One-sixth of all sports injury loss time is from ankle sprains. Each year, an estimated 1 million persons, present to physicians with acute ankle injuries. Three-quarters of ankle injuries involve the lateral ligamentous complex, comprised of the anterior talofibular ligament, the calcaneofibular ligament, and the posterior talofibular ligament. Lateral ankle sprains typically occur when the rearfoot undergoes excessive supination on an externally rotated lower leg. The diagnosis of a sprain relies on the medical history including symptoms, as well as making a differential diagnosis mainly in distinguishing it from strains or bone fractures. Despite their prevalence in society, ankle sprains still remain a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the athlete, as well as in society in general. The high incidence of ligamentous ankle injuries requires clearly defined acute care and a broad knowledge of new methods in rehabilitation. In addition to rapid pain relief, the main objective of treatment is to quickly restore the range of motion of the ankle without any major loss of proprioception, thereby restoring full activity as soon as possible. The purpose of this article is to review the anatomy, pathomechanics, investigation, diagnosis, management of lateral ankle sprains.

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Pectoralis major muscle rupture is a rare type of injury that has become more prevalent in the past 3 decades. It is most commonly associated with weightlifting particularly bench press maneuver although it has been reported to occur in various strenuous sports activities participated in by recreational and professional athletes. This paper is a review of literature which contains description of the anatomy and mechanisms of the injury, presenting signs and symptoms, initial investigations, classification of injury, management and rehabilitation.

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The popularity of archery has soared over the last few years, particularly among girls and women. Archery can be described as a comparatively static sport requiring strength and endurance of the upper body, in particular, the forearm and shoulder girdle. Although archery is not commonly associated with injuries, but injuries in archery are more common than one's thought and archers do present with a wide spectrum of injuries involving shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, peripheral nerves, and spine. It is suggested that in order to avoid these injuries, sports coaches and archers should be aware of the risk of these injuries and should advise training accordingly.

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Plantar fasciitis (PF) is one of the most common causes of inferior heel pain managed by many physical therapists in a variety of clinical settings and wildly treated conservatively and it is usually caused by a biomechanical imbalance resulting in tension along the plantar fascia. It is estimated that 11-15% of all foot complaints requiring medical attention can be attributed to this condition. In general, the patient presents with inferior heel pain on weight bearing. Pain associated with PF may be throbbing, searing, or piercing, especially with the first few steps in the morning or after periods of inactivity. This article presents on overview of the current knowledge on PF and focuses on biomechanics, etiology, diagnosis and treatment strategies, conservative treatment including the physical therapy management are discussed. This information should assist health care practitioners who treat patients with this disorder.

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Aims: To determine the efficacy of strain counterstrain (SCS) technique and muscle energy technique (MET) in limiting pain and disability among individuals with mechanical low back pain. To identify an effective treatment for earlier recovery from mechanical back pain to prevent further aggravation of the condition. Settings and Design: Randomized double-blinded study design in which 90 subjects were recruited using simple random sampling from 180 community dwelling mechanical low back pain subjects. Forty-five subjects randomized into each groups. Mean age of Groups A and B subjects were 37 and 40 years, respectively. Double blinded baseline and post interventional assessment was performed. Intervention includes moist hot pack for both groups, with group A receiving SCS and group B receiving MET. Outcome measures were visual analog scale (VAS), Modified Oswestry Disability Index, and lumbar flexion range of motion (ROM) using modified Schober's test. Statistical Analysis and Results: Data was coded and entered using EPI INFO version 3.5.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. Statistical evidences suggest that Group B (MET) showed significant prognostic changes with all outcomes (P <0.0001) at 3 months. But, Group A (SCS) showed significant changes only with Schober's test and no trends favoring treatment were found with VAS and Modified Oswestry Disability Index. Conclusion: Hot moist pack with MET was effective in alleviating mechanical low back pain in terms of pain, increases in lumbar ROM, and reduces disability.

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Although athletic injuries about the hip and groin occur less commonly than injuries in the extremities, adductor muscle strain is one of these most common injuries in athletes who are involved in sports requiring sudden change of direction. High forces occur in the adductor tendons when the athlete must shift direction suddenly in the opposite direction. As a result, the adductor muscles contract to generate opposing forces. An adductor strain that is treated improperly can become chronic and career threatening. Despite the identification of risk factors and strengthening intervention for athletes, adductor strains continue to occur throughout sport. The prevention and management of groin injury remains a substantial issue. The purpose of this article is to let the readers know regarding the conservative treatment options for adductor strain and provide recommendations for sports medicine clinicians for improved treatment and patient outcomes.

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Introduction: Cricket is one of the world's major team sports in terms of regular international games. Bowling action is a highly skilled activity acquired over years of fine tuning. The presence of an imbalance between the agonist and antagonist groups is one of the major risk factors for developing shoulder injuries in bowlers. Upper extremities account 25% and 22% of injuries in schoolboys and provisional cricket bowlers, respectively. "Ballistic six" plyometric training prevented shoulder injuries due to overhead throwing and improve its velocity in baseball pitcher. Purpose of study: The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of 8 weeks "Ballistic six" plyometric training on bowling velocity in medium pace cricket bowlers. National level medium pace cricket bowlers were given 8 weeks Ballistic Six plyometric training program. Average of 3 bowling velocities was taken using Bushnell (50 Hz) Doppler Radar Gun pre- and post-training program and compared. Results: The increase in bowling velocities following the 8 weeks training protocol was statistically significant (P < 0.05) when compared to the pre-training velocities. Conclusion: It is concluded that Ballistic Six plyometric training increases the bowling velocity in medium pace cricket bowlers hence improves their performance.

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