Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting female adolescent and adulthood globally. The most annoying complications of PCOS are obesity and infertility. Exercise is proved to be a best therapeutic and supportive management in PCOS patients in reducing infertility. Exercise reduces the risk and restores fertility and quality of life in PCOS patients through inducing hormonal changes of testosterone, androstenedione, combating obesity, metabolic syndrome, reducing inflammatory markers, and increasing immunity. Earlier systematic reviews and metaanalyses have proved the effectiveness of exercise in PCOS. This current systematic review will add to the current evidence of cumulative effects on exercise and shall be an update to the current proof of physical activity in PCOS patients.

Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is associated with various pathological conditions and is characterized by hyperactive sympathetic nervous system. Autonomic imbalance may lead to increased morbidity and mortality from various diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease. Exercise training is a cornerstone intervention for impaired autonomic function. However, the form of exercise which elicits maximum benefits in a time-efficient manner is a contentious issue. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) includes high-intensity bouts interspersed with low-intensity recovery. This is more acceptable form of exercise since the overload placed by high intensity bout leads to optimal adaptations and recovery provided by intermittent nature makes it more tolerable. This review article explains the effect of HIIT on cardiac autonomic function and the possible mechanisms underlying its positive effect.

Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the functional outcomes of imageless navigation-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA) after a minimum follow-up of 7 years. Materials and Methods: Between December 2004 and December 2009, a total of 123 navigation-assisted TKAs in 94 patients were performed by the same surgeon at a single institution. Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score was recorded pre- and post-operatively, and radiographic assessment for osteolysis, wear, or loosening was performed in all patients. Results: No conversion from navigation-assisted to conventional technique was required in any patient. The mean pre- and post-operative HSS score was 60.3 and 86.8, respectively. None of the patients was lost to follow-up. The survivorship of all knees at an average of 9.5 years after surgery was 99.3%. One patient required revision due to deep infection. There were no pin tracker-related complications. Conclusions: Navigation-assisted TKA produces good clinical outcomes comparable to conventional TKA. Further studies are required to assess long-term functional outcomes.

Background: Taekwondo is a martial art sport requiring high level of agility, lower limb strength as it helps improve performance in activities. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of a 6-week agility training program on agility, anaerobic power, reaction time, balance, and flexibility of Indian taekwondo players. Subjects and Methods: Thirty elite national level taekwondo players (mean age 19.86 ± 1.81 years; mean height 1.70 ± 7 m; mean mass 60.36 ± 13.74 kg) volunteered and were randomly assigned into two groups, Group 1 (G1; n = 15) agility training group and Group 2 (G2; n = 15) control group. Both agility training group and control group were assessed for agility by illinois agility test; anaerobic power, lower limb reaction time, and balance assessed by kinematics measurement system; and flexibility assessed by sit and reach test. Control group had followed their routine training schedule, and agility training group had performed agility training for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks of training, postmeasures were taken. Results: Significant changes (P < 0.05) in G1 group (agility training group) were observed in all the variables tested. No significant changes/decline in performance was found in G2 group (control group). Conclusion: This program significantly improved the performance indices and may be implemented as a regular part of the training schedule.

Background: Radiographic measurements are crucial in determining surgical procedures and preoperative workups. In Saudi Arabia, European-American prostheses are imported. This eventually may not match the population's needs. Objectives: The objective of the study is to examine radiographic foot measurements in Saudi adult population including central tendency measurements and age-group categorization. Methodology: In this descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in Riyadh at King Abdulaziz Medical City, radiological records for 99 individuals including 38 males (38%) between 2010 and 2014 were reviewed. Foot angular measurements of total 1212 measurements were performed on 140 feet for both anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) views. On the AP-view including HV, IM1-2, IM1-5, TN, T.C, and AP-Meary angles, while on the LAT-view including LAT-Meary, Hibb, Djian, and confidence interval (CI) angles were measured. All of the patients, on the same hand, are skeletally mature, with a clear history from foot operations, fractures, deformities, traumatic shocks, and degenerative and systemic diseases. Measurements were further categorized by the age groups (18–40 and 41–74) regardless gender. Results: Angular varieties did not differ significantly between the two age groups, but IM1-5 and CI angles exhibited strong significance (P = 0.01 and 0.049, respectively). There was also no significant difference in angles between right and left feet. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that angular measurements of our population differ than other populations. Gender and age group within an extended range might fill the void of the previous studies. The measurements of central tendency for all angles differ than other studies because both populations differ than the other. Although that other studies have some sort of thoroughness, the ethnicity criteria were not mindfully taken. Our study conducted the convenience sampling taking into consideration the fact that ethnicity and other inclusion criteria are crucial. Conclusion: The standardized angular measurements of foot among Saudi adult differ from other populations. Therefore, local prosthetic designs of foot should be manufactured accordingly.

Objectives: Lymphedema is a communal issue in breast cancer patients. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of compression therapy and exercise in the treatment of lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients were randomly assessed in a randomized controlled study trial at the Department of Oncology, Mayo Hospital Lahore. Patients were divided into two groups. Fifteen patients were selected in Group 1 (compression therapy), and 15 patients were selected in Group 2 (compression therapy along with exercise). Both groups received eight sessions for 4 weeks followed by one session in each week. Limb circumferential measurements were used to assess the limb volume reduction and pain numeric rating scale for pain and shoulder pain and disability index scale for the pain and disability. Data were collected at baseline and after 4 weeks. Results: Statistically significant improvement was found in both groups (P > 0.05). However, no group difference was insignificant. However, clinically, the compression bandage along with exercise and skin care is more effective in reducing lymphedema in breast cancer patients. Conclusion: This study concluded that both the treatment techniques, compression bandage and compression bandage along with exercise are effective in reducing lymphedema and pain; but, clinically, compression bandage along with exercise is more effective.

Background: Measurement of simple anthropometric parameters (e.g., weight, height) helps in estimation of degree of obesity in clinical and outdoor settings. However, inter- and intra-observer variation in measurement may contribute to bias in measured parameters. These should be minimized to get reliable data for patient management and researches. Aim: The aim of the study was to find out inter- and intra-observer variation in measurement of common anthropometric parameters by fitness trainer and to check the applicability of a video-based training program on change in variation. Materials and Methods: Two observers measured weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) in 32 adult males on two occasions in forenoon. After a video based training, observers measured same parameters in same sample on two occasions. Inter- and intra-observer variations were expressed in terms of technical error of measurement (TEM), %TEM, and reliability by coefficient of reliability (R). Results: Interobserver variation was higher than intraobserver variation in all measurements expressed in %TEM. Before the training, measurement of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) showed highest %TEM (2.437) followed by HC (1.716 %TEM). Weight measurement showed lowest %TEM (0.075). After the training, all measurements showed a decrease in %TEM. Waist-to-hip ratio showed highest error (1.598%TEM) followed by HC (1.396%TEM). All measurements showed reliability coefficient >0.98 both before and after the training. Conclusion: In measurement of weight, height, WC, and HC, interobserver variation is higher than intraobserver variation. Variation in circumference measurement is more than length measurement. Simple video-based training program helps in lowering both inter- and intra-observer variation.

Introduction: Sport Taekwondo was developed in the 1950s and may have a somewhat different focus, especially in terms of its emphasis on speed and competition (as in Olympic sparring). Explosive strength is a combination of strength and speed. It can be defined as the ability to overcome a resistance with high speed. In Taekwondo and many other games, the ability to generate maximum strength in shortest time period has been considered as essential to obtain high sports performance level. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to observe the effects of a combined training program (weight training and plyometrics) on explosive strength development in adolescents, Taekwondo players. Methodology: Twenty Taekwondo national level players (experimental group, n = 10 and control group, n = 10) aged 18–21 years volunteered to take part in this study. The experimental group underwent resistance training program, followed by plyometrics training program 3 days in a week for 6 weeks. The participants were assessed before and after 6 weeks of training program for upper and lower extremities explosive strength. Results: The results of the present study support the use of combined resistance and plyometric training program to improve the upper and lower body explosive strength level in Indian Taekwondo players. Conclusion: The study shows the use of combined resistance and plyometric training program can improve the upper and lower body explosive strength level in Indian Taekwondo players

Background: Lipids are major components of neurons. Both deficiencies of fat (malnutrition) and excess adiposity (obesity) are expected to interfere in neuronal structure and functions. Aims: The aim of the study is to find correlation of nerve conduction study and obesity in an urban population of a developing country. Materials and Methods: One hundred age- and sex-matched subjects willing to participate in the study were included after taking Institutional Ethics Committee clearance and informed consent of the subject. Age of the subjects was in between 18 years and 60 years. They were divided into two groups: obese and nonobese. Their weight, height, waist/hip ratio (WHR), and limb length were measured. Proximal latency, distal latency, motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), and F-wave latency of median and tibial nerve were recorded. Results: Result showed a significant difference in body mass index (BMI), WHR, between the obese and nonobese group, but there was no difference in age. There was a significant difference of motor nerve conduction velocities of the right and left median nerve and the right and left tibial nerve in the obese and nonobese group of subject with obese subjects having lower values. F-wave latency of median nerve and tibial nerve were significantly higher in the obese subjects as compared to the nonobese group. BMI and WHR were negatively correlated with MNCV but positively correlated with F-wave latency. Distal latency was significantly increased in the obese group in median nerve of both sides, but in tibial nerve, no difference was found. Proximal latency was significantly increased in the obese group of all studied nerves. Conclusion: The present study concludes that there is slowing of motor nerve conduction in obese subjects. This biological factor has to be taken into consideration while interpreting nerve conduction studies.

Introduction and Purpose: “Core stability” is seen as being pivotal for efficient biomechanical function to maximize force generation and minimize joint loads in all types of activities ranging from running to throwing. Despite the popularity of core stability training, relatively little scientific research has been conducted to compare core stability in different sportsmen. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to critically examine core stability and other issues related to this topic to determine useful applications for sport conditioning programs. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to compare core stability in different sportsperson belonging to the following categories: badminton, cricket (fast bowlers) (which are the overhead athletes), football, sprinters (nonoverhead athletes). To conclude which category among the ones mentioned above have the highest core stability in terms of core endurance. Materials and Methods: Eighty participants in total were included in the study (twenty each from the above-mentioned sport). Demographic data, participation consent, and other data pertaining to their sport were taken, and they were instructed to perform core endurance tests which included the 60° flexion test, trunk extensor endurance test, right side plank test, and left side plank test. Analysis included a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the difference between the four groups. Results: ANOVA was performed and was statistically significant with P < 0.0001 for the flexion endurance test, P = 0.0030 for the extension endurance test, P = 0.0037 for right plank test, P = 0.0004 for the left plank test. P = 0.0107 for total core endurance hold time. Conclusion: The results suggest that footballers had a higher core endurance followed by sprinters, cricket fast bowlers, and badminton players.

Rehabilitation of athlete in competitive contact sports such as football targets safe and early return to play. Accelerated rehabilitation programs are constantly updated in research literature, but they are limited to isolated ligament injuries. In this case study, rehabilitation of Dhanpal Ganesh, 24-year-old footballer of Indian National Team, who underwent right knee arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, anterolateral ligament reconstruction, iliotibial band tenodesis, lateral meniscectomy, has been outlined. To describe the characteristics of complex soft tissue injuries, operated arthroscopically, and report on player's rehabilitation program and clinical outcome. Dhanpal Ganesh was rehabilitated postoperatively up to 3 months. Data collected include a range of motion (ROM), manual muscle testing grades, and functional tests. At 8-week postoperative period, Dhanpal Ganesh had nearly full ROM, normal gait, and trained to run safely. By 10th week, he started to perform all sports specific drills. He was rehabilitated and set fit to play after 4 months from the date of surgery. Accelerated and injury-specific postoperative rehabilitation program is found to be effective in returning the footballer to sports.